Female share of graduates in science
percent, 1998–2015
Country | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Afghanistan | 19.64 | |||||||||||||||||
Albania | 60.81 | 65.62 | 70.44 | 75.25 | 73.66 | 72.07 | 70.48 | 68.89 | 67.30 | 65.71 | 64.11 | 62.52 | 64.30 | 66.08 | 64.03 | |||
Algeria | 60.69 | 62.43 | 64.16 | 65.14 | 63.75 | 64.56 | 65.38 | 71.95 | ||||||||||
Andorra | 30.00 | 23.53 | 11.76 | 13.64 | 12.42 | 11.21 | 10.00 | 15.83 | 21.67 | 27.50 | 33.33 | |||||||
Angola | 50.00 | 47.06 | 44.12 | 41.18 | 40.73 | 40.28 | 39.83 | 39.38 | 38.93 | 38.49 | 38.04 | 37.59 | 37.14 | 36.69 | 36.24 | |||
Antigua and Barbuda | 34.21 | 70.59 | 75.00 | 33.33 | ||||||||||||||
Argentina | 52.03 | 54.02 | 50.64 | 53.51 | 51.38 | 74.05 | 49.28 | 49.47 | ||||||||||
Armenia | 48.54 | 48.92 | 49.30 | 49.68 | 50.06 | |||||||||||||
Australia | 40.58 | 40.00 | 36.67 | 35.35 | 35.03 | 35.45 | 35.86 | 34.42 | 35.72 | 35.53 | 35.44 | 34.87 | 35.92 | 36.30 | 36.67 | 37.04 | ||
Austria | 35.19 | 38.97 | 36.40 | 33.83 | 35.67 | 36.27 | 34.38 | 32.48 | 32.57 | 32.94 | 34.07 | 35.43 | 35.73 | 33.32 | 33.64 | |||
Azerbaijan | 52.16 | 53.26 | 55.55 | 56.65 | 54.19 | 65.63 | 65.50 | |||||||||||
Bahrain | 73.76 | 77.46 | 81.17 | 73.18 | 72.33 | 71.47 | 70.61 | 69.76 | 68.90 | 68.04 | 67.19 | 66.33 | ||||||
Bangladesh | 29.28 | 24.21 | 26.46 | 28.70 | 30.95 | 33.20 | 35.44 | 37.69 | 39.93 | 42.18 | 44.42 | 44.44 | 44.45 | |||||
Barbados | 53.55 | 52.12 | 50.68 | 49.24 | 44.90 | |||||||||||||
Belarus | 51.42 | 53.85 | 53.85 | 54.45 | 59.14 | |||||||||||||
Belgium | 30.12 | 31.43 | 31.29 | 31.42 | 31.55 | 31.68 | 31.81 | 30.26 | 28.71 | 33.07 | 29.63 | 30.98 | 30.05 | 29.44 | ||||
Benin | 23.36 | 23.74 | 24.12 | 24.50 | 24.88 | 25.26 | 25.64 | 26.02 | 26.41 | 26.79 | 27.17 | 17.55 | 24.62 | |||||
Bermuda | 60.00 | 63.75 | 67.50 | 71.25 | 75.00 | 69.32 | 63.64 | 54.04 | 44.44 | 57.14 | 60.00 | 53.85 | 76.92 | 100.00 | ||||
Bhutan | 25.00 | |||||||||||||||||
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 46.75 | 47.79 | ||||||||||||||||
Brazil | 43.36 | 42.57 | 42.12 | 40.62 | 39.09 | 37.86 | 36.64 | 37.14 | 34.59 | 31.02 | 32.18 | 33.11 | 33.92 | 34.73 | ||||
Brunei | 50.00 | 56.45 | 50.98 | 54.95 | 58.93 | 47.76 | 50.59 | 69.23 | 53.01 | 63.92 | 57.38 | 53.89 | 56.59 | 57.80 | 65.78 | 53.43 | ||
Bulgaria | 63.39 | 66.99 | 56.56 | 58.96 | 55.91 | 56.42 | 55.46 | 56.82 | 58.17 | 55.35 | 55.02 | 54.05 | 52.62 | 50.97 | 52.78 | 50.21 | ||
Burkina Faso | 16.28 | 19.90 | 18.80 | |||||||||||||||
Burundi | 16.22 | 19.64 | 23.06 | 26.48 | 29.90 | 33.31 | 36.73 | 20.25 | 36.97 | |||||||||
Cambodia | 32.51 | 28.57 | 21.35 | 17.47 | 13.59 | 13.36 | 13.13 | 12.90 | 11.19 | |||||||||
Canada | 41.51 | 42.03 | 42.01 | 41.99 | 41.96 | |||||||||||||
Cayman Islands | 53.85 | 35.48 | 28.21 | |||||||||||||||
Chad | 4.08 | |||||||||||||||||
Chile | 48.60 | 32.66 | 33.56 | 34.45 | 27.53 | 27.65 | 24.03 | 23.04 | 22.44 | 21.85 | 21.56 | 21.28 | ||||||
Colombia | 54.69 | 56.31 | 57.93 | 62.00 | 54.42 | 51.31 | 38.51 | 50.99 | 49.03 | 47.07 | 45.87 | 41.79 | 40.81 | |||||
Comoros | 36.00 | |||||||||||||||||
Costa Rica | 39.56 | 35.74 | 34.79 | 33.85 | 32.90 | 31.95 | 31.00 | 30.20 | 29.41 | 28.61 | 30.48 | 30.50 | 30.52 | 33.53 | ||||
Croatia | 57.77 | 58.22 | 58.66 | 51.52 | 50.13 | 49.58 | 49.02 | 52.30 | 47.31 | 44.93 | 46.63 | 52.61 | 47.88 | 43.14 | ||||
Cuba | 48.00 | 44.87 | ||||||||||||||||
Cyprus | 55.87 | 53.99 | 52.11 | 50.23 | 42.38 | 42.94 | 45.47 | 48.00 | 37.08 | 42.82 | 45.68 | 48.28 | 35.55 | 46.02 | 53.14 | 53.58 | ||
Czechia | 32.30 | 26.36 | 25.15 | 26.78 | 38.74 | 39.47 | 38.59 | 37.05 | 38.78 | 38.11 | 38.91 | 38.30 | 39.40 | 38.12 | 38.35 | 38.65 | ||
Denmark | 32.30 | 35.51 | 32.50 | 31.82 | 30.56 | 33.54 | 32.84 | 33.37 | 35.67 | 36.12 | 35.36 | 35.24 | 36.87 | 37.40 | 35.36 | 35.94 | ||
Dominican Republic | 56.10 | 51.69 | 47.28 | |||||||||||||||
Ecuador | 57.19 | 40.84 | 41.30 | 41.75 | 42.21 | 42.66 | 37.83 | |||||||||||
Egypt | 49.65 | 54.91 | ||||||||||||||||
El Salvador | 45.76 | 48.51 | 47.81 | 47.10 | 43.51 | 44.08 | 40.83 | 37.98 | 39.05 | 36.12 | 35.96 | 59.00 | 36.73 | |||||
Eritrea | 12.84 | 10.20 | 7.13 | 4.07 | 13.10 | 10.90 | 13.31 | 15.72 | 18.13 | 20.55 | 22.96 | 25.37 | 27.78 | 30.20 | 32.61 | 35.02 | ||
Estonia | 37.10 | 42.51 | 45.39 | 42.56 | 44.59 | 47.90 | 47.96 | 48.48 | 43.24 | 48.86 | 44.71 | 46.22 | 45.38 | 43.16 | 44.60 | 46.04 | ||
Eswatini | 52.17 | 54.35 | 48.98 | 43.24 | 43.44 | 43.64 | 51.85 | 29.55 | 29.84 | 30.14 | 30.43 | 30.73 | 31.02 | 31.32 | 31.62 | |||
Ethiopia | 15.99 | 12.98 | 17.96 | 22.94 | 21.31 | 22.44 | 14.32 | 15.62 | 16.92 | 18.22 | 18.62 | 19.03 | ||||||
Finland | 46.80 | 45.23 | 46.37 | 46.67 | 48.54 | 48.84 | 49.40 | 47.00 | 44.60 | 44.46 | 45.21 | 45.96 | 46.30 | 44.72 | 43.23 | 42.50 | 42.55 | |
France | 46.92 | 41.83 | 41.28 | 40.73 | 41.00 | 36.34 | 35.89 | 36.06 | 35.79 | 36.02 | 35.80 | 35.94 | 36.07 | 36.20 | 37.84 | 38.17 | ||
Gambia | 8.51 | 15.00 | 21.49 | 27.98 | 34.47 | 40.95 | 47.44 | 53.93 | 53.24 | |||||||||
Georgia | 75.32 | 72.38 | 70.54 | 67.46 | 72.24 | 70.30 | 65.79 | 61.28 | 53.20 | 51.93 | 50.67 | 49.40 | 50.01 | 50.61 | 47.73 | 53.49 | ||
Germany | 31.44 | 31.41 | 32.91 | 33.80 | 34.18 | 34.55 | 34.93 | 35.31 | 35.68 | 36.06 | 36.44 | 36.81 | 37.19 | 37.57 | 37.94 | 38.32 | ||
Ghana | 22.47 | 27.09 | 30.32 | |||||||||||||||
Greece | 41.91 | 42.58 | 46.47 | 50.36 | 47.10 | 46.95 | 46.80 | 46.70 | 45.54 | |||||||||
Guatemala | 70.73 | 71.59 | 72.44 | 73.29 | 74.15 | 75.00 | ||||||||||||
Guyana | 43.07 | 33.54 | 51.00 | 47.30 | 46.00 | 38.94 | 42.11 | 42.11 | 33.94 | |||||||||
Honduras | 48.44 | 47.80 | 47.16 | 46.52 | 45.88 | 45.24 | 44.61 | 43.97 | 43.33 | 42.69 | 35.92 | 35.09 | ||||||
Hong Kong | 34.12 | 32.80 | 31.09 | 30.39 | ||||||||||||||
Hungary | 28.93 | 31.62 | 33.40 | 34.73 | 33.21 | 37.63 | 39.50 | 27.92 | 28.13 | 28.33 | 35.28 | 38.02 | 33.33 | 37.50 | 37.23 | 36.95 | ||
Iceland | 37.14 | 43.98 | 41.43 | 35.55 | 40.96 | 42.04 | 38.93 | 40.59 | 35.66 | 39.24 | 38.57 | 47.41 | 42.91 | 38.41 | ||||
India | 48.21 | |||||||||||||||||
Indonesia | 38.87 | |||||||||||||||||
Iran | 59.51 | 69.06 | 67.04 | 69.06 | 68.60 | 68.13 | 69.04 | 69.96 | 67.36 | 66.16 | 68.66 | |||||||
Iraq | 50.77 | |||||||||||||||||
Ireland | 51.81 | 51.34 | 50.30 | 47.63 | 46.50 | 45.28 | 42.98 | 41.97 | 42.08 | 39.70 | 41.24 | 43.48 | 41.07 | 40.78 | 40.48 | |||
Israel | 42.91 | 42.52 | 42.53 | 42.54 | 42.55 | 42.55 | 42.56 | 42.57 | 42.58 | 42.59 | 42.60 | 42.61 | 42.62 | 42.63 | 42.64 | 42.65 | ||
Italy | 57.18 | 55.03 | 54.49 | 53.64 | 52.85 | 52.25 | 53.64 | 53.77 | 53.62 | 53.81 | 54.49 | 54.28 | 54.08 | 53.88 | 54.68 | |||
Japan | 23.55 | 24.30 | 24.63 | 25.24 | 25.24 | 25.55 | 25.68 | 26.04 | 26.12 | 25.83 | 25.60 | 25.22 | 25.61 | 25.67 | 25.56 | 26.00 | 25.23 | |
Jordan | 46.03 | 49.19 | 50.53 | 51.88 | 55.21 | 58.54 | 61.86 | 65.19 | ||||||||||
Kazakhstan | 61.51 | 36.10 | 65.66 | |||||||||||||||
Kenya | 29.64 | 27.06 | ||||||||||||||||
Kuwait | 72.17 | |||||||||||||||||
Kyrgyzstan | 50.87 | 55.62 | 60.36 | 62.69 | 64.05 | 61.69 | 56.95 | 57.56 | 49.57 | 56.15 | 50.97 | 48.78 | 55.09 | 53.61 | 61.29 | |||
Laos | 39.60 | 37.00 | 34.41 | 37.98 | 41.55 | 45.12 | 41.25 | 45.65 | 42.85 | 40.05 | 37.24 | 39.11 | 40.98 | 36.64 | 39.06 | 35.88 | ||
Latvia | 56.67 | 52.97 | 56.88 | 51.50 | 46.82 | 39.32 | 39.87 | 39.53 | 38.83 | 36.82 | 38.66 | 40.04 | 35.28 | 37.51 | 38.74 | 38.56 | ||
Lebanon | 42.96 | 48.18 | 47.46 | 48.42 | 49.37 | 45.17 | 49.26 | 50.99 | 52.38 | 58.37 | 62.06 | 61.51 | ||||||
Lesotho | 25.53 | 54.46 | 56.60 | |||||||||||||||
Liberia | 80.53 | 75.27 | 70.01 | 64.74 | 59.48 | 54.22 | 48.96 | 43.70 | 38.44 | 33.18 | 27.92 | 35.12 | 42.33 | |||||
Liechtenstein | 18.18 | 16.64 | 15.11 | 13.57 | 12.03 | 10.49 | 8.96 | 7.42 | 5.88 | |||||||||
Lithuania | 46.97 | 41.99 | 52.14 | 47.47 | 47.84 | 43.89 | 42.53 | 40.37 | 38.40 | 39.48 | 37.49 | 36.51 | 40.52 | 39.81 | 41.83 | |||
Luxembourg | 54.64 | 51.47 | 48.30 | 45.13 | 41.96 | 37.42 | 29.22 | |||||||||||
Macau | 21.14 | 14.90 | 15.52 | 11.05 | 16.67 | 15.18 | 18.52 | 15.24 | 16.74 | 21.59 | ||||||||
Madagascar | 37.15 | 41.32 | 38.41 | 37.65 | 33.87 | 34.88 | 33.94 | 32.99 | 32.05 | |||||||||
Malaysia | 49.33 | 53.00 | 56.68 | 59.87 | 58.21 | 56.20 | 57.22 | 58.86 | 61.96 | 54.51 | 61.64 | |||||||
Malta | 31.71 | 30.12 | 29.73 | 35.71 | 30.00 | 32.38 | 30.95 | 46.12 | 31.30 | 32.09 | 32.98 | 36.76 | 28.84 | |||||
Mauritania | 33.10 | |||||||||||||||||
Mauritius | 47.01 | |||||||||||||||||
Mexico | 46.20 | 45.44 | 45.74 | 44.54 | 43.68 | 42.81 | 43.62 | 43.11 | 42.90 | 42.83 | 48.04 | 46.64 | 46.83 | |||||
Moldova | 48.90 | |||||||||||||||||
Mongolia | 57.65 | 59.89 | 63.94 | 53.07 | 57.34 | 56.68 | 58.59 | 51.65 | 52.04 | 51.35 | 48.99 | 48.23 | 42.90 | 44.75 | 46.60 | 43.32 | ||
Morocco | 34.15 | 32.60 | 31.04 | 29.49 | 27.93 | 26.37 | 24.82 | 17.80 | 44.33 | 45.44 | ||||||||
Mozambique | 25.89 | 16.61 | 20.00 | 23.38 | 26.77 | 24.27 | 24.65 | 25.65 | 30.60 | 35.61 | 31.68 | |||||||
Myanmar (Burma) | 67.23 | 64.88 | ||||||||||||||||
Namibia | 43.59 | 45.01 | 46.43 | 43.64 | 40.86 | 41.75 | 50.87 | 60.00 | ||||||||||
Nepal | 28.36 | |||||||||||||||||
Netherlands | 26.42 | 27.55 | 27.39 | 27.75 | 29.33 | 24.10 | 25.24 | 20.24 | 20.15 | 20.01 | 21.12 | 22.63 | 25.22 | 25.76 | ||||
New Zealand | 44.68 | 46.07 | 43.32 | 41.63 | 39.13 | 37.51 | 38.52 | 37.90 | 39.16 | 40.05 | 41.79 | 38.47 | 39.83 | 40.37 | 39.09 | |||
Niger | 7.69 | |||||||||||||||||
North Macedonia | 65.32 | 67.91 | 61.79 | 71.01 | 67.91 | 66.08 | 66.60 | 66.67 | 54.40 | 48.37 | 46.12 | 39.15 | 43.19 | 43.02 | 37.62 | |||
Norway | 29.83 | 30.77 | 29.68 | 32.21 | 28.62 | 26.23 | 28.81 | 30.85 | 32.90 | 34.76 | 36.46 | 36.14 | 33.75 | 36.13 | 35.88 | 33.09 | ||
Oman | 62.57 | 63.77 | 64.97 | 66.54 | 69.39 | 72.23 | 75.07 | 63.85 | ||||||||||
Palau | 50.00 | |||||||||||||||||
Panama | 60.69 | 41.03 | 56.31 | 54.60 | 52.51 | 52.60 | 51.78 | 51.28 | 48.82 | 62.46 | 50.50 | 47.88 | ||||||
Philippines | 60.77 | 60.00 | 58.70 | 57.41 | 56.11 | 54.82 | 53.52 | 52.23 | 53.56 | 50.54 | 52.14 | 52.16 | ||||||
Poland | 43.60 | 45.83 | 45.42 | 47.02 | 44.00 | 45.38 | 44.77 | 46.11 | 47.31 | 47.70 | ||||||||
Portugal | 45.70 | 51.40 | 57.11 | 58.20 | 50.79 | 47.93 | 46.84 | 43.54 | 41.66 | 40.91 | 54.23 | 55.11 | 56.17 | 55.72 | 56.93 | |||
Puerto Rico | 51.91 | 52.36 | 52.83 | 53.29 | 51.41 | 59.95 | ||||||||||||
Qatar | 94.93 | 69.50 | 65.07 | 71.05 | 70.92 | 70.79 | 70.66 | 70.54 | 74.59 | 67.76 | 62.81 | 55.67 | 47.20 | 64.71 | 59.52 | |||
Romania | 61.59 | 65.40 | 64.60 | 64.53 | 61.68 | 58.84 | 60.81 | 58.76 | 61.88 | 59.76 | 50.21 | 55.82 | 57.58 | 60.71 | 58.69 | 59.41 | ||
Rwanda | 40.33 | |||||||||||||||||
Samoa | 58.59 | 58.21 | 34.62 | |||||||||||||||
Saudi Arabia | 57.88 | 51.53 | 43.15 | 42.78 | 42.42 | 41.76 | 44.84 | 46.20 | 63.32 | 68.65 | 68.39 | 68.40 | 72.57 | 72.26 | 54.61 | 57.15 | 57.04 | |
Serbia | 65.14 | 48.85 | 49.54 | 44.58 | 45.46 | 42.23 | 46.24 | 45.41 | ||||||||||
Seychelles | 60.00 | 50.10 | 40.20 | 30.30 | ||||||||||||||
Sierra Leone | 72.95 | |||||||||||||||||
Slovakia | 30.25 | 30.18 | 34.03 | 38.13 | 41.19 | 41.06 | 41.39 | 40.67 | 40.49 | 43.28 | 41.95 | 42.83 | 42.52 | 43.05 | 45.58 | |||
Slovenia | 43.45 | 39.57 | 35.70 | 37.07 | 39.29 | 39.96 | 43.57 | 38.94 | 36.39 | 38.57 | 35.99 | 40.29 | 36.33 | 39.92 | ||||
South Africa | 49.08 | 49.64 | ||||||||||||||||
South Korea | 41.80 | 47.36 | 47.27 | 45.30 | 42.23 | 47.02 | 42.87 | 42.64 | 39.57 | 37.19 | 35.68 | 38.08 | 38.34 | 38.60 | 38.96 | 39.08 | 39.20 | 39.32 |
Spain | 44.02 | 42.52 | 40.82 | 39.68 | 37.67 | 37.24 | 35.98 | 36.04 | 35.93 | 35.78 | 35.39 | 35.02 | 36.25 | 38.39 | 36.88 | 35.37 | ||
Sri Lanka | 49.76 | 46.77 | 47.53 | 47.44 | 48.74 | |||||||||||||
Sudan | 56.28 | 41.82 | ||||||||||||||||
Sweden | 42.41 | 47.49 | 46.45 | 48.01 | 46.38 | 45.93 | 44.11 | 43.00 | 42.98 | 42.12 | 43.37 | 42.64 | 39.99 | 40.60 | 38.97 | |||
Switzerland | 21.21 | 22.21 | 20.64 | 20.82 | 19.33 | 21.83 | 26.00 | 25.05 | 27.31 | 27.69 | 28.33 | 30.11 | 31.17 | 31.51 | 31.84 | 32.19 | ||
Syria | 50.90 | |||||||||||||||||
Trinidad and Tobago | 62.86 | 60.23 | 65.90 | 62.02 | 59.96 | 57.91 | ||||||||||||
Tunisia | 48.95 | 63.84 | 64.01 | |||||||||||||||
Turkey | 42.35 | 43.92 | 44.36 | 42.90 | 43.79 | 45.09 | 45.25 | 46.35 | 45.22 | 43.72 | 42.36 | 42.38 | 46.07 | 48.18 | 49.07 | 49.96 | ||
Uganda | 33.41 | 24.31 | 24.95 | 25.58 | 26.21 | 26.85 | ||||||||||||
Ukraine | 46.88 | 49.61 | 45.85 | |||||||||||||||
United Arab Emirates | 55.25 | 62.94 | 60.18 | 59.10 | ||||||||||||||
United Kingdom | 39.46 | 41.49 | 41.94 | 41.53 | 42.19 | 37.44 | 36.91 | 36.67 | 37.51 | 37.38 | 37.60 | 36.82 | 36.67 | 36.89 | 45.69 | 46.09 | ||
United States | 43.38 | 44.20 | 43.63 | 42.94 | 41.40 | 40.85 | 40.43 | 40.93 | 41.00 | 41.02 | 41.15 | 41.01 | 40.48 | 40.06 | 40.27 | 40.27 | ||
Uruguay | 46.91 | 49.80 | 48.40 | 48.67 | 45.41 | |||||||||||||
Uzbekistan | 53.89 | 54.23 | 54.62 | 57.69 | 55.05 | 59.36 | ||||||||||||
Venezuela | 53.08 | |||||||||||||||||
West Bank and Gaza | 51.83 | 53.57 | 55.48 | 54.16 | 52.83 | 58.25 | 55.10 | 51.95 | 48.79 | 51.36 | 53.13 | 54.40 | 55.75 | 58.63 | 58.47 | 59.12 | ||
Zimbabwe | 41.38 | 32.95 | 31.80 | 47.75 |